Choline has a critical role in neurotransmitter function because of its impact on acetylcholine and dopaminergic function. Studies in animals suggest that CDP-choline supplements increase dopamine receptor densities and can ameliorate memory impairment.

Lithium shields neurons from biological stress and toxins. In most experimental studies, lithium, in therapeutic doses, exerts a favourable influence on various cognitive functions.

Alpha-GPC is a choline-containing supplement that boosts acetylcholine in the brain and protects the nerves. It may help with age-related cognitive decline. Younger people also use it to enhance cognition, but its nootropic effects are not well researched.